[Chapter 11] OutputStream
Author: Mark Grand and Jonathan Knudsen
Date: Fri Aug 8 16:39:38 1997

#

| Chapter 11 The java.io Package |

# OutputStream

## Name

OutputStream

## Synopsis

Class Name:

  `java.io.OutputStream`

Superclass:

  `java.lang.Object`

Immediate Subclasses:

  `java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream`,

  `java.io.FileOutputStream`,

  `java.io.FilterOutputStream`,

  `java.io.ObjectOutputStream`,

  `java.io.PipedOutputStream`

Interfaces Implemented:

  None

Availability:

  JDK 1.0 or later

## Description

The `OutputStream` class is an `abstract` class that is the superclass of all classes that represent output byte streams. `OutputStream` defines the basic output methods that all output streams provide. A similar hierarchy of classes, based around `Writer`, deals with character streams instead of byte streams.

`OutputStream` is designed so that `write(byte[])` and `write(byte[],` `int,` `int)` call `write(int` `b)`. Thus, a subclass can simply override `write()`, and all the `write` methods will work. However, for efficiency's sake, `write(byte[],` `int,` `int)` should also be overridden with a method that can write a block of data more efficiently than writing each byte separately.

Some `OutputStream` subclasses may implement buffering to increase efficiency. `OutputStream` provides a method, `flush()`, that tells the `OutputStream` to write any buffered output to the underlying device, which may be a disk drive or a network.

## Class Summary

    public abstract class java.io.OutputStream extends java.lang.Object {
      // Instance Methods
      public void close();
      public void flush();
      public abstract void write(int b);
      public void write(byte[] b);
      public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len);
    }

## Instance Methods

### close

#### public void close() throws IOException

Throws

  `IOException`

    If any kind of I/O error occurs.

Description

  This method closes the output stream and releases any resources associated with it.

  The implementation of the `close()` method in `OutputStream` does nothing; a subclass should override this method to handle cleanup for the stream.

### flush

#### public void flush() throws IOException

Throws

  `IOException`

    If any kind of I/O error occurs.

Description

  This method forces any bytes that may be buffered by the output stream to be written.

  The implementation of `flush()` in `OutputStream` does nothing; a subclass should override this method as needed.

### write

#### public abstract void write(int b) throws IOException

Parameters

  `b`

    The value to write to the stream.

Throws

  `IOException`

    If any kind of I/O error occurs.

Description

  This method writes a byte of output. The method blocks until the byte is actually written.

  A subclass of `OutputStream` must implement this method.

#### public void write(byte[] b) throws IOException

Parameters

  `b`

    An array of bytes to write to the stream.

Throws

  `IOException`

    If any kind of I/O error occurs.

Description

  This method writes the bytes from the given array by calling `write(b, 0, b.length)`. The method blocks until the bytes are actually written.

  A subclass does not usually need to override this method, as it can override `write(byte[],` `int,` `int)` and have `write(byte[])` work automatically.

#### public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException

Parameters

  `b`

    An array of bytes to write to the stream.

  `off`

    An offset into the byte array.

  `len`

    The number of bytes to write.

Throws

  `IOException`

    If any kind of I/O error occurs.

Description

  This method writes `len` bytes of output from the given array, starting at offset `off`. The method blocks until the bytes are actually written.

  The implementation of this method in `OutputStream` uses `write(int)` repeatedly to write the bytes. Although it is not strictly necessary, a subclass should override this method to write a block of data more efficiently.

## Inherited Methods

Method | Inherited From | Method | Inherited From
--- | --- | --- | ---
`clone()` | `Object` | `equals(Object)` | `Object`
`finalize()` | `Object` | `getClass()` | `Object`
`hashCode()` | `Object` | `notify()` | `Object`
`notifyAll()` | `Object` | `toString()` | `Object`
`wait()` | `Object` | `wait(long)` | `Object`
`wait(long, int)` | `Object` |  |

## See Also

`ByteArrayOutputStream`, `FileOutputStream`, `FilterOutputStream`, `IOException`, `ObjectOutputStream`, `PipedOutputStream`

OptionalDataException |  | OutputStreamWriter