Index

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# Index: F

.F filename extension : 1.17. Filename Extensions
.f filename extension : 1.17. Filename Extensions
F# keys : 12.9. Running Multiple Shell Sessions with screen
false exit status : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
false program : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
fast find : 17.18. Using "Fast find"
  with database : 17.19. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
fc command : 11.14.2. In ksh and bash: fc
fg command
  12.1.1. Foreground and Background
  12.2. Other Ways to Refer to Jobs
fgrep : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
fgrep script : 27.6. Fast grep Isn't
fi statements : (see if statement)
fi unexpected : 46.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
fignore shell variable
  6.9. Special C Shell Variables
  9.9. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
file command
  16.26. Finding Text Files with findtext
  47.4.3.5. File Inquiry Operators
file descriptors : 38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
  associated with files : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
  closing : 47.2.1.3. Closing FDs
  managing
    45.7. The exec Command
    47.2.1. File Descriptors
  redirecting : 45.21. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
  uses for : 45.20. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
file permissions : (see permissions)
file pointer : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
file recovery : 30.24. vi/ex File Recovery vs. Networked Filesystems
file size : 24.5. Limiting File Sizes
  batch editing and : 33.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Bomb on Big Files
File Transfer Protocol : (see ftp program)
file types, finding : 25.8. Finding File Types
filec shell variable : 6.9. Special C Shell Variables
filenames
  appending date to : 21.14. Automatically Appending the Date to a Filename
  on command line : 13.13. The "Filename" -
  comparing : 16.23. Comparing Filenames in Two Directory Trees
  completion
    9.8. Filename Completion: Faster Filename Typing
    11.13. Shell Command-Line Editing
  conventions : 1.15. Filenames
  ending with ~ : 14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  extensions for
    1.17. Filename Extensions
    4.6. Naming Files
  length of : 16.6. clf, cls: "Compressed" ls Listings
  links and
    18.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
    44.22. Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
    45.13. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program
  null : 23.13. Deleting Files with the Null Name
  picking automatically : 16.16. Picking a Unique Filename Automatically
  restoring from backups by : 20.4.1. Restoring a Few Files
  special characters in
    8.16. Quoting Handles Special Characters in Filenames
    16.14. Showing Non-Printable Characters in Filenames
    23.11. Deleting Files with Odd Names
  starting with . : (see dot files)
  stripped from pathnames : 45.18.1. Introduction to basename and dirname
  symbols in : 44.15.1. With the $@"
  for temporary files : 21.3. Unique Names for Temporary Files
  whitespace in : 16.13. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
  wildcards and : 15.1. File Naming Wildcards
files
  1.29. When Is a File Not a File?
  45.20. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  access permissions : 1.23. File Access Permissions
  adding to other files : 25.2. Four Ways to Skin a cat
  archiving : (see archives)
  automatic cleanup of : 3.4. Automatic File Cleanup
  automatic updating of : 21.9. Keep File Printouts Up-to-Date Automatically with make
  backing up : 20.1. tar in a Nutshell
  binary, searching : 27.19. Finding Words Inside Binary Files
  on enclosed CD-ROM : 52.1. Introduction
  closing : 45.21. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
  comparing
    18.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
    (see comparing)
  compressed : (see compressed files)
  copying
    18.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files?
    18.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
    to directory : 21.12. Copying Files to a Directory
    to directory : 45.25. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input
  counting by types : 16.24. Counting Files by Types
  creating : 25.2. Four Ways to Skin a cat
  deleting : (see deleting files)
  descriptors associated with : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
  displaying contents of
    adding or deleting whitespace : 25.9. Adding and Deleting White Space
    cat command
      25.2. Four Ways to Skin a cat
      25.7. Show Non-Printing Characters with cat -v or od -c
    displaying beginning/end only
      25.14. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
      25.20. Printing the Top of a File
    double-spacing : 25.12. Double Space, Triple Space ...
    less utility : 25.3. Using more to Page Through Files
    more utility : 25.3. Using more to Page Through Files
    numbering lines : 25.21. Numbering Lines
    od utility : 25.7. Show Non-Printing Characters with cat -v or od -c
  editing : 9.24.1. What Files Have I Just Edited?
  empty
    13.14. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
    21.7. Setting File Modification Time with touch
  emptying : 24.1. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
  executable : (see executable files)
  finding : (see searching)
  finding duplicate : 16.21. Finding All Directories with the Same Name
  hidden : (see dot files)
  inodes
    1.22. How UNIX Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
    16.2. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
  last access time : (see last access time)
  links to : (see symbolic links)
  listing : 16.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
  modification times
    16.2. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
    16.5. The Three UNIX File Times
    16.9. An Alias to List Recently Changed Files
    16.18. Listing Files You've Created/Edited Today
    16.25. Listing Files by Age and Size
    16.27. newer: Print the Name of the Newest File
  monitoring growth of
    25.16. How to Look at a File as It Grows
    25.18. Watching Several Files Grow
  moving : 18.2. What's Really in a Directory
  names for : (see filenames)
  naming
    4.6. Naming Files
    18.2. What's Really in a Directory
    18.3. Files with Two or More Names
    18.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
  notification of change to : 21.8.1.2. Watching Other Files
  overwriting accidentally : 8.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
  ownership : (see ownership, file)
  paging through : 25.3. Using more to Page Through Files
  permissions for
    14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
    (see permissions)
  PostScript : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
  printing : (see printing)
  RCS files : 27.10. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
  read-only : 22.9. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
  reading : 47.2.1.2. Reading Files
  reading line-by-line : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
  saving to : (see saving)
  searching : (see searching)
    across lines : 27.11. A Multiline Context grep Using sed
    agrep script
      27.8. glimpse and agrep
      27.14. Compound Searches
    Boyer-Moore search algorithm : 27.9. New greps Are Much Faster
    case sensitivity : 27.16. Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
    by column : 27.17. Finding a Character in a Column
    compound searches : 27.14. Compound Searches
    egrep script
      27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
      27.7. grepping for a List of Patterns
    by exclusion : 27.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
    fgrep script : 27.6. Fast grep Isn't
    glimpse command : 27.8. glimpse and agrep
    grep command
      1.4. Using Pipes to Create a New Tool
      27.1. Different Versions of grep
      27.12. Make Custom grep Commands (etc.) with perl
    look program : 27.18. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
    rcsgrep script : 27.10. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
    sed with grep : 27.15. Narrowing a Search Quickly
  searching
    sed : 27.11. A Multiline Context grep Using sed
  searching for
    9.24. Get File List by Editing Output of ls -l, grep, etc.
    14.10. Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
  searching for lines in : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command
  size of : (see size, file)
  sparse : 24.18. Huge Files Might Not Take a Lot of Disk Space
  spell checking : (see spell checking)
  temporary
    9.17. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
    14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  text : (see text files)
  too many for command line : 9.20. Too Many Files for the Command Line
  uncompressing : 44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
  unlinking when open : 24.3. Unlinking Open Files Isn't a Good Idea
  writing : 47.2.1.1. Writing Files
filesystems
  find command and : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
  hierarchical : 18.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files?
  ID numbers : 17.22. Finding the Links to a File
  moving files between : 18.2. What's Really in a Directory
  structure of : 1.19. The Tree Structure of the Filesystem
fileutils : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
filters
  1.3. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
  1.30. Redirecting Input and Output
  45.20. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  ex editor : 30.22. Filtering Text Through a UNIX Command
  fmt utility for : 30.37. Neatening Lines
  in index program : 48.12. Using index with a Filter
  vi editor : 30.22.2. Filtering Text with vi
find command
  3.4. Automatic File Cleanup
  17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  \( \) operator : 17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  ! operator
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
  { } operator : 17.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree (No Pathnames with find {} Operator)
  -a option : 17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  -atime option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.5. Searching for Old Files
    17.7. The Times that find Finds
    21.5. What Good Is a File's Last Access Time?
  -ctime option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.5. Searching for Old Files
    17.7. The Times that find Finds
  to delete files : 23.22. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
  directory trees and : 17.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  examples : 45.31. Nested Command Substitution
  -exec option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
    17.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree (No Pathnames with find {} Operator)
    22.7. Using chmod to Change File Permission
    22.8. The Handy chmod = Operator
  fast find : 17.18. Using "Fast find"
  -fstype option : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
  -group option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.16. Searching by Owner and Group
  -inum option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
    23.16. Removing a Strange File by its I-number
  -links option : 17.5. Searching for Old Files
  loops using : 45.18.2. Use with Loops
  -maxdepth option : 17.23. Finding Files with -prune
  -mtime option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.5. Searching for Old Files
    17.7. The Times that find Finds
  with multiple options
    17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
    17.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
  -name option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
    17.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
  networked filesystems and : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
  -newer option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.8. Exact File Time Comparisons
    20.7. Creating a Timestamp File for Selective Backups
  -nogroup option : 17.16. Searching by Owner and Group
  -nouser option : 17.16. Searching by Owner and Group
  -o option : 17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
  -ok option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
    23.4. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
  -perm option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.15. Searching for Files by Permission
  -print operator : 17.3. Don't Forget -print
  -print option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
  -print0 option : 9.22. xargs: Problems with Spaces and Newlines
  -prune option
    17.23. Finding Files with -prune
    17.24. Skipping Some Parts of a Tree in find (A More Selective -prune)
  -size option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.14. Searching for Files by Size
  syntax of : 17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
  -type option
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.13. Searching for Files by Type
  -user option : 17.16. Searching by Owner and Group
  wildcards and
    17.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
    17.18. Using "Fast find"
  xargs command and : 17.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  -xdev option : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
findcmd script
  16.10. findcmd: Find a Command in Your Search Path
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
finding : (see searching)
findtext script
  16.26. Finding Text Files with findtext
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
fix command : (see fc command)
fixdlsrps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixfmps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixmacps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixpsditps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixpspps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixscribeps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixtpps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixwfwps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixwpps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
fixwwps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file
flip script
  25.19. Reverse Lines in Long Files with flip
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
flow control : 41.2.4. Flow Control (We Hope)
  in C shell : 47.2.2.2. Flow Control
  Emacs and : 32.12. Getting Around Emacs Flow Control Problems
fmt : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
fmt command
  9.20. Too Many Files for the Command Line
  35.2. Neatening Text with fmt
  filtering text from vi : 30.37. Neatening Lines
  re-format comment lines : 35.4. recomment: Clean Up Program Comment Blocks
fmt.sh script
  35.3. Alternatives to fmt
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
fold command : 43.8. Fixing Margins with pr and fold
footers, editing : 52.8.2.4. Unsharring the Sources
for loop
  1.5. Anyone Can Program the Shell
  9.12. The Bourne Shell for Loop
  33.11.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
  44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
  advantages : 44.17. Handling Arguments with while and shift
  in command-line arguments : 44.15.2. With a Loop
  command substitution : 44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
  command-line arguments : 44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
  disadvantages : 44.17. Handling Arguments with while and shift
  egrep expressions built : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
  examples
    44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
    48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
  jot used in : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command
  multiple variables : 45.17. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
  storing line of text with multiple words : 45.34. Arrays in the Bourne Shell
  uses for : 45.16. Standard Input to a for Loop
  while loops compared to : 45.16. Standard Input to a for Loop
  wildcards : 44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
for loops
  examples : 50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos
foreach loop : 9.11. Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop
  examples : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays
  in C shells : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays
foreground jobs : 12.1.1. Foreground and Background
  killing : 38.9. Killing Foreground Jobs
  nice command and : 39.10. A nice Gotcha
fork system call
  1.11. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
  38.2. fork and exec
form letters : 9.14. Using Here Documents for Form Letters, etc.
format of diff output : 28.8. More Friendly diff Output
formfile : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
formprog script
  45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  examples : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
forms
  script for filing : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
Fortran program source file extension : 1.17. Filename Extensions
fortune program : 3.3. Electronic Fortune Cookies
free software : 52.2. Where Does Free Software End and UNIX Begin?
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
  1.8. There Are Many Shells
  8.2. Introduction to bash
fsck program : 1.14. The Kernel and Daemons
ftp program
  1.33. UNIX Networking and Communications
  2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
  9.19. For the Impatient: Type-Ahead
FTP software archives : 52.7.2. Online Archive
ftpd daemon, login shell and : 2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
ftpfile script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
FTPMAIL mail server : 52.7.2.2. FTPMAIL
full duplex : 41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?)
function keys, mapping in vi : 31.2.1. Command Mode Maps
functions
  . (dot) command compared to : 44.23. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
  C programs : 52.8.2.7. Functions, Libraries, and Header Files
  shell : (see shell functions)

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