In This Century the world saw the termination of the Spanish Inquisition. The Church made Spiritual advances, with the First Dogma proclaimed by Papal Infallibility. The loss of the Papal States, the great Pontificate of a holy man, the Venerable Pope Pius IX, and that of his successor, Pope Leo XIII. His Encyclical, Rerum Novarum was his most famous manifesto. The founding of the Sisters of Charity, St. John Bosco and the Salesians, and the life of a beautiful young lady, St. Theresa of the Child Jesus. The attacks on the Church continued in this century. Beginning with Napoleon, who made a deep impression in the closing years of last century; and the Kulturkampf in Germany, the rise of Communism, and the persecution of Victor Emmaneul II.

1801
The Peace of Luneville, in Austria. This put a halt to the Napoleonic wars for a while.

Concordat between France and Rome negotiated by Napoleon and Pope Pius VII.

The Church was re-established in France. This remained in effect until 1905.

Pope Pius VII publishes two Papal Encyclicals, Tam Multa, on the new arrangements in French hierarchy; and La Chiesa Di Gesu Cristo, on the new distribution of dioceses in France.

Alexander I becomes Emperor of Russia.

1802
The Organic Articles appended unilaterally by Napoleon, tightened the State’s hold over the Church and restricted Papal intervention in France.

The Relics of St. Philomena are found in the Catacomb of St. Priscilla.

When St. Philomena lived is unknown. In the Catacomb of St. Priscilla, on May 24, 1802, an inscribed loculus was found. The Loculus was closed with three tiles, on which was the following inscription in red paint: LUMENA PAXTE CUM FI (Philomena, Peace be with you) together with certain symbols, namely, two anchors, three arrows, a palm and a flower or torch.

In 1805, Pope Pius VII commissioned her relies to be sent to Mugnano Del Cardinale, in the Diocese of Nola, to be enshrined in one of the altars of the main Church.

On January 30, 1837, Pope Gregory XVI signed a Decree authorizing her Papal Cultus.

In 1855, Pope Pius IX approved a Proper Mass and Office for her Feast.

1803
The Sisters of Notre Dame De Namur were founded in France.

Death of William Seaton. He was the husband of St. Elizabeth Ann Seaton.

1804
The Franciscans found their Mission at Santa Ines.

Napoleon is crowned Emperor on December 2.

1805
St. Elizabeth Ann Seton is received into the Catholic Church.

Father Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari is made Abbot of San Gregorio al Celio.

Pope Pius VII receives the unconditional submission of Scipione Ricci, the former Bishop of Pistoia-Prato, who refused obedience to Pope Paul VI in his condemnation of the Synod of Pistoia.

Pope Pius VII commissions St. Philomena’s Relic to sent to Mugnano Del Cardinale, in the Diocese of Nola.

1806
Napoleon Bonapatre abolishes the Holy Roman Empire.

Birth of St. Catherine Laboure.

The Dominican priests are established in Kentucky.

The first regular schools of the Sister of Notre Dame were opened in August of this year.

Joseph Bonaparte, the older brother of Napoleon, becomes King of Naples. Napoleon names his younger brother, Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland.

1807
Abbot Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, the future Pope Gregory XVI. is made Protector-General of the Camaldolese Order.

Frances Allen becomes a pupil of the Congregation of Notre Dame, in Montreal.

1808
Joseph Bonaparte is made King of Spain by his brother, Napoleon. In one of his first acts as King, Joseph Bonaparte abrogated the Spanish Inquisition. The Holy Office used to repel Protestantism in the sixteenth century was unable to expel French Rationalism and immorality in this century. To replace his brother, Napoleon named Joachim Murat as King of Naples.

Napoleon is now Master of Europe except Russia and Great Britain.

1808-1814
The Peninsula War.

1809
Pope Pius VII published his Papal Encyclical in February, Vix Nova a Nobis, on the new concessions.

Napoleon is at the height of his power.

Pope Pius VII excommunicated all robbers of Peter’s Patrimony without mentioning Napoleon by name.

Pope Pius VII is taken prisoner by Napoleon and is held in France. He was held there until 1813. Our Lady of Perpetual Help was his consolation.

St. Elizabeth Ann Seaton founds the first American Religious Community, the Sisters of Charity at Emmitsburg, Maryland.

1810
Birth of Joachim Vincent Pecci, on March 2. He is the future Pope Leo XIII.

Frances Allen, the daughter of atheist, Ethan Allen becomes the first New England born Nun, at the Convent of Hotel-Dieu.

1811
Under extreme pressure, Pope Pius VII agreed to the institution of Bishops nominated by the Emperor. He was still being held a prisoner.

1812
The Sisters of Loretto were founded in Kentucky.

Murat commanded the French army in Russia.

1813
Napoleon forces, under exhaustion and ill health, Pope Pius VII to sign the Concordat of Fontainebleau, in which he made far reaching surrenders, including the implied renunciation of the Papal States.

Murat crushes the Austrians at Dresden.

Battle of Leipzig.

Pope Pius VII is released from his prison cell on St. Patrick’s day, the eve of the Feast of Our Lady of Mercy, the Patroness of Savona, where he had been held prisoner. The journey to Rome was a veritable triumphal march. On his way to Rome the Pontiff visited many Sanctuaries of the Blessed Virgin Mary, crowning her images at Cesena, Treja, and Tolentino.

Pope Pius VII restores the Jesuit Order.

1814
King Ferdinand VII of Spain re-introduces the Spanish Inquisition. This was approved by Pope Pius VII on certain conditions, among others, abolish torture. Torture, unfortunately, had been used, but sparingly.

1815
On January 28, St. Mary Frances of Naples appeared , precisely three days before the death of St. Francis Xavier Bianchi; just as she had promised him when she walked the earth.

The Holy Alliance Treaty was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

The Congress of Vienna.

Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo. The End of the Napoleonic Wars.

Murat was executed after he attempted to regain Naples.

1816
Pope Pius VII condemned the Protestant Bible Societies in June of this year.

Society of Mary or Marist Fathers were founded in Lyons, France.

1817
The Franciscans found the Mission, San Raphael Arcangel.

Concordat negotiated between Rome and Baveria.

The Vincentian Seminary is founded at Perrysville, Missouri.

The Hicksites are founded by Elias Hicks. They denied the Divinity of Christ, the Atonement, and the Trinity.

Pope Pius publishes his Encyclical, Vineam Quam Plantavi, to the French Bishops.

1818
Pope Pius VII negotiated a Concordat with Orthodox Russia.

1820
The Hogan schism begins.

George IV becomes King of Great Britain.

The Spanish Inquisition is permanently abolished.

Pope Pius VII publishes his last Papal Encyclical, Praeclara Quam, which withdrew the faculties from French Bishoprics.

1821
Concordats negotiated between Rome and various German states; Wurtemberg, Baden, Hessias, and Prussia.

Pope Pius VII condemns the indifferentism encouraged by the Enlightenment Period and Freemasonry in September of this year.

1822
The Society for the Propagation of the Faith founded.

The Dominican Sisters begin their work in Kentucky.

The First Catholic Newspaper is established in the United States, The United States Miscellany, edited by Bishop England.

The True Reformed Dutch sect is organized by Sol Froligh.

1823
The English Bible Society REMOVES Seven Books and parts of eight others from the King James Version of the Bible. They adopted the Old Testament Canon the Jews developed back in the year 100, the Palestinian Canon. This is not the Old Testament that Jesus used. They erroneously refer to them as Luther did, and call them the Apocrypha, which is a name that means spurious, or false.

Leo XII becomes Pope. He was Cardinal Annibale Sermattei. He was the private Secretary to Pope Pius VI. He was a simple, devout man, morally strong, but lacked somewhat the flair of Leadership.

The Franciscan Orders founded the last California Mission, San Francisco Solano.

1824
Pope Leo XII publishes his first two Papal Encyclicals, Ubi Primum, on the Dignity of the Papacy; and Quod Hoc Ineunte, on Jubilee.

Death of King Louis XVIII of France. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Charles X, also known as Charles Philippe.

A Concordat is negotiated with the German State of Hanover.

1825
Pope Leo XII celebrates the Holy Year Jubilee.

Pope Leo XII condemns Freemasonry in a Papal Bull.

Pope Leo XII publishes two Papal Encyclicals, Ad Plurimus easque Gravissimas, on the Basilica of St. Peter; and Caritate Christi Urgente Nos, on the Sanctification of Sunday.

1826
Pope Leo XII publishes his last Encyclical, Quo Graviora, on Secret Societies.

Pauline Marie Jaricot founds the Living Rosary.

Pauline Antoine Jaricot was the youngest of eight children, born on July 21, 1799. Her parents were wealthy silk manufacturers. At the time of her birth, the clergy was forced to take a vow of obedience to the State, so the Jaricot's had Pauline Baptized at home by a refractory priest. Pauline's brother Phileas, was then two years old. These two were inseparable as they grew, and dreamed of being great missionaries.

At the age of 19 in the spring of 1818, Pauline began going to person to person collecting donations, a sou, which is equivalent to a penny, in her brother Philea's silk factory. This began her work of Charity.

On May 3, 1822, at the age of 22, Pauline founded an Association of about 100 people whose aim it was to aid the missionary in Asia. She also wrote a treatise entitled: Infinite love of the Holy Eucharist.

Pauline Founded the Living Rosary in 1826. This consists of fifteen members who each agree to recite a single decade every day and who thus complete the whole Rosary between them.

In March of 1835, Pauline had suffered severely of heart disease, her untimely death was immanent. Pauline decided to travel to Rome to seek an audience with Pope Gregory XVI. The Pope on hearing of her condition decide to go to her. In August, they met at Mugnano, where the relies of St. Philiomena, the Patroness of the Living Rosary, are enshrined. Pains jetting through her body and her heart beating violently, she received Holy Communion on the Feast day of St. Philomena at the Shrine. Pauline fainted. The out cry from those who saw her thought she had died. The fact of the matter was, her soul was filled with joy! St. Philomena had cured Pauline of her heart disease! Pauline was to live many more years to toil for God and His Church! At the end of 1835, Pauline returned to Fourvieres, France.

1827
The Mormons founded by Joseph Smith. The Mormons have a wrong conception of the fall of man, apparently holding Adam’s sin to have been one of lust. They believe God was endowed with a body of flesh and bone on another planet. They hold matter to have exalted spiritually before creation; the bond of marriage to be eternal; and believe in a happy millennium on this earth. They are not Christian. Their concept of the Trinity is not the same as ours. They do not believe in hell as we do, their concept of hell is that of a temporal place. Their concept of Heaven is first, the couple must be married in one of the Holy Temples, like Salt Lake City, for example. In order to do that, the man must Prove he tithes ten percent of his income and have the appropriate letters of recommendation from dignified elders. At the wedding ceremony, the man is given a set of under-garments that he is supposedly never to remove, and a code name to call his wife out the grave here on earth. Their heaven is in three levels, the highest level of heaven is a planet rewarded to a man after death, in which he is to be god of. He then uses the code name given to him on his wedding day and calls his wife out of the grave. She then, is to be the mother the of spirit babies that inhabit the planet in which her husband has become the god. As I said before, they are not Christians, they are polytheists. [To refute them, see Isaia chapters 43, 44, 45, and 46].

1828
Pope Leo XII names St. Peter Damien, Doctor of the Church.

1829
The Leopoldine Association is founded in Austria.

The Catholic Emancipation Act was passed in England.

The first Provincial Council met at Baltimore, Maryland.

The Roman Catholic Relief Act was passed in April of this year.

Pius VIII becomes Pope. He was Cardinal Francesco Saverio Castiglione. Pope Pius VIII publishes his first two Papal Encyclicals, Traditi Humilitati, asking for prayers for his Bishops; and In Supremi Apostolatus, on Jubilee.

1830
Pope Pius VIII names St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Doctor of the Church.

William IV becomes King of Great Britain.

Pope Pius VIII publishes his last Papal Encyclical, Litteris Alto, regulating mixed marriages. Germany was very much in opposition of this Encyclical.

Zoe Laboure joined the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent De Paul at Chatillon-sur-Seine. She is better known as St. Catherine Laboure.

Marian Apparition in Paris. Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. Our Lady appeared three times.

1831
Giuseppi Mazzini organizes the Young Italy Society. This movement began his conflict with the Church.

The Sisters of Mercy were founded in Ireland.

The Catholic Apostolical Church formed. They are the Irvingites, named after their founder, Edward Irving, an eloquent and distinguished Scottish clergyman who had been a Presbyterian minister. He was accused of heresy was ejected from the sect. The Irvingites reject the Doctrine of Transubstantiation. They hold that by a new out-pouring of God through the Holy Spirit the prophetic and apostolic offices have been re-established. [This teaching does not make any sense. See John 6].

Gregory XVI becomes Pope. He was Cardinal Mauro Cappellari. He was the most intransigent opponent of Liberalism.

Pope Gregory XVI published his first two Papal Encyclicals, Chiamati Della Divina Providenza, and Alli Dilettissimi Sudditi, on cultural reforms.

1832
The first 1500 Miraculous Medals were struck after the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to St. Catherine Laboure.

Pope Gregory XVI publishes five Papal Encyclicals this year, Inter Gravissimas, on cultural reforms; Summo Jugiter, on mixed marriages; Cum Primum Ad Aures, on insurrections in Poland; Plura Post, on Jubilee; and condemned the ideas of Lamennais in Mirari Vos.

1833
The Sisters of Notre Dame were founded in Germany.

Pope Gregory XVI publishes his Papal Encyclical, Quo Graviora, on Pragmaticism.

1833-1841
The Oxford Movement publishes Tracts for the Times. It was his involvement in this work that led John Henry Newman to the Catholic Church.

1834
The Sister of the Precious Blood were founded in Switzerland.

Pope Gregory XVI publishes his Papal Encyclical, Singulari Nos, condemning Abbe de Lamennais.

1835
Beginning of the Oxford Movement, led by John Henry Newman.

Pope Gregory XVI censured the teachings of George Hermes and the fideism of the Abbe L. E. M. Bautain.

Pope Gregory XVI publishes his Papal Encyclical, Commissum Divinitus, on the German state interference in Church Affairs.

Pauline Jaricot is cured of heart disease at Mugnano by Jesus through the intercession of St. Philomena.

1836
Archbishop Von Dunin and Bishop Droste were imprisoned for enforcing the Papal decrees on mixed marriages; that is a marriage between a Catholic and non-Catholic.

1838
Ludwig Mission Association founded in Baveria to aid the Catholic Missionary activities in North America.

1840
Pope Gregory XVI elevates Bishop Mastai-Ferretti to the College of Cardinals. He is the future Pope Pius IX, Pio Nono.

Father Pierre DeSmet S.J. becomes a missionary to the Indians in the Rocky Mountains.

Pope Gregory XVI publishes his Papal Encyclical, Augustissiman, an appeal for funds.

Birth of Joseph De Veuster. The future Father Damien.

1841
The Sisters of the Holy Cross were founded in France.

Forham University is founded in New York City by Reverend John McCloskey, serving as the first president.

The University of Notre Dame is founded in South Bend, Indiana; by Reverend E. Sorin, C.S.C.. It has been nick-named the American Oxford.

St. John "Don" Bosco is ordained a Priest.

St. John Bosco was born on August 16, 1815, in Becchi. Today the village is known as Castelnuovo Don Bosco. He was from a poor fanning family; he lost his father when he was a two year old baby.

When St. John was nine years old, a dream he had set the path his life was to follow. In his own words, "A man of majestic appearance told me 'with meekness and charity you will conquer these your friends;' and a Lady just as majestic added, "Make yourself humble, strong, and robust At the right time you will understand everything. "

St. John left home at the age of twelve, returning three years later. He became a jack of all trades really, tailor, blacksmith, barman, and he even coached students after classes.

Our Saint entered the Seminary at the age of twenty; this entailed six years of intense study. He was Ordained on June 5, 1841, by the Archbishop of Turin. He picked up the title "Don" when he was Ordained. It is an Italian custom that the family name of a priset is preceded by "Don." It was after his Ordination that he dedicated himself full time to the abandoned boys he had seen in his dreams.

He met his first boy on December 8, 1841. He took care of them all! St. Dominic Savio was one of his boys. He taught them how to pave streets, cut stones, and masonry. He died on January 31, 1888. His last words were: "Love each other as brothers... Tell my boys that I will wait for them in Paradise."

1842
Alphonse Ratisbonne, an Alsatian Jew, converts to the Catholic Faith after reluctantly wearing the Miraculous Medal of the Blessed Virgin Mary. He later became a priest and founded the Fathers and Sisters of Zion Order.

John Henry Newman retires from the Oxford Movement and spends the next three years in seclusion in the neighboring village of Littlemore.

Birth of St. Dominic Savio.

1843
The Sisters of the Holy Name were founded in Canada.

1844
Orestes Brownson converts to the Catholic Faith.

Birth of St. Bernardette Soubirous. Her name at Baptism was Marie Bernarde, to her family and friends she was known by her pet name, of Bernardette.

Pope Gregory XVI publishes his last Encyclical, Fra Le Principal, condemning non-Catholic Bible Societies.

Isaac Thomas Hecker converts to the Catholic Faith. He was brought up a Protestant, and lived for a time with Henry David Thoreau. He was an American who went on to be a priest and founded the periodical Catholic World and the Catholic Publication, the predecessor to the Paulist Press.

1845
Anglican, John Henry Newman enters the Catholic Church. He was a leader of the Oxford Movement. In his research for the tracts the Movement published, he found the truth in the Catholic Church.

French Architect Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, directed extensive restorations of Notre Dame Cathedral. He is responsible for much of the Cathedral’s present appearance. The Cathedral was originally built between 1163-1250. During the French Revolution, the Cathedral was heavily damaged by mobs, mostly Masons and Free Thinkers, who regarded the Church as a symbol of the hated Monarchy.

1845-1847
The Sister Servants of I.H.M. founded in Michigan.

1846
Pius IX becomes Pope. He was Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti, and nicknamed, Pio Nono, because he said “no” to everything. The Holy Father took the name Pius in homor of the man who, as Bishop of Imola, had tried to reconcile Catholicism and democracy in his Christmas sermon of 1797; who had been imprisoned by Napoleon; and who, on his return to Rome had befriended Mastai-Ferretti before his ordination to the priesthood. The Pontiff published his first Papal Encyclical, November 9, Qui Pluribus, on Communism.

Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born May 13, 1792 at Senigallia. He was the fourth son of a Count. He studied at Viterbo and Rome. He had epilepsy as a young boy and was cured of the disease.

He was Ordained in 1819. From 1823-1825 he served with a Papal Mission to Chile. He was in charge of the Hospice of St. Michele in Rome from 1825-1827. He was made Archbishop of Spoleto in 1827. He remained there until 1832, when he was named Bishop of Imola. He was elevated to the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1840.

He had the longest Pontificate, thirty-two years, of any of the modern Popes; only St. Peter served as the "Servant of the Servants" for a longer period of time. He was nick-named "Pio Nono," because he said "No" to everything. He was the first Pope to declare a Dogma by Papal Infallibility, in 1854, the Immaculate Conception.

His bitter adversary, Victor Emmanuel II, seized the Papal States in 1859-1860 and renamed the Kingdom of Italy. Rome was chosen as its capital in 1870. Pope Pius IX became "a prisoner of the Vatican," refusing to accept the Italian government's Law of Guarantees in 1871, which offered compensation in return for the Pope's disband of Temporal Power.

He died a pious death, February 7, 1878. He was Venerated in 1985.

On Saturday, September 19, Our Blessed Mother appeared weeping, to two small children, in the tiny mountain village, nestled within the chain of the Alps, in La Salette, France. Amidst her tears, she said to them, “My children no longer attend Holy Mass. The men who drive the carts take the Name of My Son in vain.” This is the only Marian Apparition to inspire an Order of Priests to be organized. The apparition is, of course; Our Lady of La Sallette. Our Blessed Mother was wearing a Crucifix suspended by a chain. On the Crucifix were the tools of the Passion, a hammer and pincers. The hammer symbolizes our sins; everytime we sin, we nail Our Blessed Lord to the Cross. The pincers, are an invitation to us to pull out the nails. The whole point of the Apparition was that of reconciliation; among ourselves, with God, and with His Church.

1847
The Pontiff published his second Encyclical, Predecessors Nostros, on Ireland.

Pope Pius IX declares the Blessed Virgin Mary, Patroness of the United States.

1848
Europe is plagued with revolutions. Pope Pius IX was forced to flee Rome. The Pontiff refused to join in the war to expel Austria from Italy.

1849
Pope Pius IX publishes two Papal Encyclicals, Ubi Primum, on the Immaculate Conception; and Nostis Et Nobiscum, Attempts to undermine Religion in Italy.

1850
Pope Pius IX celebrates the Holy Year Jubilee.

Birth of St. Frances Xavier Cabrini.

Restoration of the hierarchy in England. Cardinal Wiseman was appointed Archbishop of Westminster.

1851
Pope Pius IX names St. Hilary of Poiters, Doctor of the Church.

Pope Pius IX publishes two Papal Encyclicals, Exultavit Cor Nostrum, on Jubilee; and Ex Aliis Nostris, also on Jubilee.

1852
Bishop Philibert de Brouillard of Grenoble, gave organizational sanction to a small group of priests who formed the embryo of the Missionaries of Our Lady of La Sallette.

Pope Pius IX publishes two Papal Encyclicals, Nemo Crete Ignorant, about the Irish; and Probe Noscitis Venerabiles, on Spanish problems.

1853
The Restoration of the Hierarchy in Holland.

Pope Pius IX publishes his Papal Encyclical, Inter Multiplices Angustias, praising the French Clergy.

1854
Pope Pius IX defines, by Papal Infallibility, the Dogmatic Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.

St. Dominic Savio becomes a student at the Oratory of St. Francis De Sales.

Pope Pius IX publishes three Papal Encyclicals, Neminem Vestrum Latet, on the Clergy of Constantinople; Optime Noscitis, permitting a license for a Catholic University in Ireland; and Optime Noscitis, on Jubilee.

France undergoes the cholera epidemic. St. Bernardette Soubirous suffered in this epidemic.

Catherine Aurelia was admitted to the Third Order of St. Dominique.

1855
Death of St. Mary Di Rosa, Foundress of the Handmaids of Charity of Brescia.

Pope Pius IX approves a Mass and Office Proper for the Feast of St. Philomena.

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