Tesla was probably one of the most ingenious of the inventors following the industrial revolution.
His life was one of intrigue and mystery and he receieved less credit than he deserved during his lifetime for his many accomplishments.
The following are some notes I kept from back in the PRE-INTERNET days, as some individuals shared information, thoughts and ideas about Tesla, about his inventions and his life.
If you are interested in building a Tesla Coil or other experiemental device, there are many resources available in books and on the Internet.
I hope that the following information may be interesting and useful to you. It is presented in RAW form with no editing (simply because I am too busy to edit it!)
You are welcome to edit or use it as you wish, as far as I am concerned. Most of this is in the form of BBS messages, so that you have to ignore the headers and other extraneous bits!
Enjoy!
Bry
BBS: _The_Attic_ [301-428-1970] 14.4K v.32b - Date: 11-23-93 (17:49) Number: 237 From: DAVE HALLIDAY Refer#: 235 To: JOSEPH FREIVALD Recvd: NO Subj: 10KVA Tesla Coil Conf: (9) Electronic JF>For those of us who are wanna bees, What's a tesla coil, and why does it >get at least 10 posts per day? JF> Just trying to catch up, JF> Joe Hi Joe - the Tesla coil is basically a high-frequency resonant air transformer - oscillator system. It was developed by a wonderful genius / wildman Nikola Tesla ( 1856-1943 ) as a means of generating very high voltage as well as power transmission. Richard has a great two hour video tape of his work which he will send to you for the following: ten bucks, a blank good quality tape, and a postage paid mailer It is well worth it! His "big" coil is about 4' tall and fires continuous bolts of lightning from nine to fifteen feet! This is a point-to-point measure too so add in about 30% for the twists of the arc! I used to be into them when I was a teenager and had always thought about getting back into it but the stuff he is working on has convinced me! I will be working with a couple friends ( sharing work 'n money ) and we are starting work on parts of it this thanksgiving holiday. It is interesting too because the "classical" design for a tesla coil is quite different from the actual best design. The classical design goes for long thin coils ( maybe 30" by 3" dia ) and just two or three turns of wire for the primary whereas the actual best design calls for much shorter / fatter coils and lots of primary turns ( 10 - 15 ) My friends and I have arrived on a basic design - 6" diameter and 30" long, fixed spark gap, 12kV neon sign transformer and homemade capacitor. Richard mentioned that he once built one just like this and he was able to get 5' bolts! Anyway, the posts are well worth saving, send away for the video tape too - it makes for fantastic viewing! TTYL - Dave ð:-) þ QMPro 1.51 þ WOW!! *Nice* spark, Nick! Nick? NIKOLAI, WAKE UP!! --- WM v3.10/92-0434 * Origin: Advanced Software Concepts-WC3.90P-15.8,301-794-6496 (1:109/546)
BBS: _The_Attic_ [301-428-1970] 14.4K v.32b - Date: 12-04-93 (15:52) Number: 247 From: DAVE HALLIDAY Refer#: 114 To: BRIAN CARLING Recvd: NO Subj: 10KVA Tesla Coil Conf: (9) Electronic BC]DH]My friends and I have arrived on a basic design - 6" diameter and 30" BC]DH]long, fixed spark gap, 12kV neon sign transformer and homemade BC]DH]Anyway, the posts are well worth saving, send away for the video tape ]DH]too - it makes for fantastic viewing! BC]What is his address? ANy chance I could get the design details on your ]smaller unit? OK - here is his address excerpted from a message: ]a two hour video tape in exchange for: One blank (high quality) ]VHS tape, a postage pre-paid return mailer, $10.00 to pay for my ]time and effort in seeing that you get a high quality, two hour, ]recording of my work. Note this offer is not made on my behalf to ]make any money, and I am not resposible for anybody's safety ]should they decide to replicate any of the experiments I perform. ]I will send a glossy print for $1.00 and a SASE. RQ] Richard T. Quick II, RQ] 10028 Manchester Rd., Suite 253, RQ]Glendale, Missouri, 63122, USA You could scale down the design but I feel that the amount of time and money involved would be about the same regardless of what size coil you are building so why not go for a bigger one. The one I am building is 6" diameter, 30" tall and is powered by a bank of four neon sign transformers. Richard says that a coil like this will be capable of consistent five foot long arcs. Down the road, I would like to experiment with a "pocket" coil or a tabletop model but you do need a very very good ground regardless of the size so this isn't something that you could take somewhere and casually set it up and expect to get good results. Anyway, keep tuned to this conference and I will be letting people know how things are progressing! TTYL - Dave ð:-) þ QMPro 1.51 þ Never Wear Battery-Powered Clothing to a Formal Event. --- WM v3.10/92-0434 * Origin: Advanced Software Concepts-WC3.90P-15.8,301-794-6496 (1:109/546)
BBS: _The_Attic_ [301-428-1970] 14.4K v.32b - Date: 12-07-93 (11:29) Number: 178 From: DAVE HALLIDAY Refer#: 177 To: BRIAN CARLING Recvd: NO Subj: 10KVA Tesla Coil Conf: (9) Electronic BC>DH>RQ> DH> Have a bunch of 3/8" refrigeration tubing that I can use for >DH> > DH> the primary - BC>DH>RQ>Just fine for this sized primary coil, make sure it is long >DH> >enough, though you can braze in a splice for added length. BC>DH>RQ>His was not the first, and won't be the last!!! You should have >DH> >seen the look on MY face while I was running it! I was 20' away >DH> >and under cover and the sparks looked like they were going to >DH> >wipe my nose for me. BC>I am a rank beginner, but have some good background education in >electronics/electricity... Can you help me get started? >I want to build a large Tesla coil. I'm also interested in Van de Graaf >generators etc. I don't want to build something puny! I like the idea >of building with refrigeration coil type copper tubing - that sounds >like serious high power. I've built my own linear amplifier before >(not a kit!!) I'm watching the posts from you and Richard with great >interest! Hi Brian - best thing to do would be to jump right in! I hadn't touched the stuff myself since high school but Richard's info is really clear and his video tape is well worth getting. The 6" dia / 30" long coil that my friends and I are building should be capable of a 5' arc so although this doesn't quite qualify as "large" it should be enough to make the neighbors *really* start to wonder about me ( not that they don't already ) There is a basic "learning curve" that needs to be accomplished and I think that it would be best to do this on a medium sized coil such as the one we are building - then progress to a monsterAlso, the really large coils need a really large source of high voltage to power them ( power company distribution transformer ) and they are very very loud - I think that Richard's 10" dia coil is about the upper limit to home built coils ( it throws 10 to 15 foot arcs ) I was also into Van de Graaf generators too in high school - used cake pans for the dome and was able to get 4" sparks on a dry day. Didn't have access to the tools to make a spun aluminum dome so the rolled edges of the pans were the upper limiting factor for voltage. Anyway, save all of the posts and send away for the video, get some thin-wall PVC tubing and a couple thousand feet of magnet wire, some neon-sign transformers, make one of the capacitors detailed in an earlier post and fire away! TTYL - Dave þ QMPro 1.51 þ "Bother", said Pooh, and deleted his message base... --- WM v3.10/92-0434 * Origin: Advanced Software Concepts-WC3.90P-15.8,301-794-6496 (1:109/546)
BBS: _The_Attic_ [301-428-1970] 14.4K v.32b - Date: 12-07-93 (17:20) Number: 233 From: RICHARD QUICK Refer#: 178 To: DAVE LYLE Recvd: NO Subj: 10KVA Tesla Coil Conf: (9) Electronic I thought I would take a minute and expand a little more on the subject of harmonics in Tesla systems. This should give you a better idea of how these harmonics can be used, and help me to better organize my thoughts on this very interesting subject. I talked yesterday about theory. Today I would like to discuss a little more practical application. Let me look at a system that I have actually built and fired. I have a normal Tesla secondary that resonates at about 200 kHz with a discharge ternminal. When this coil is placed in a primary and critically coupled, it will fire when the tank circuit is tuned to 200 kHz. No problems here, this is a normal 1/4 wave system. The tank circuit oscillates at 200 kHz, the secondary coil with discharger resonates at 200 kHz, and the output from the system is the 1/4 wave peak of a 200 kHz signal. Now we remove the secondary from the primary and replace the secondary with a coil that is 1/4 wave resonate at 400 kHz. Take a heavy wire or pipe from the top of the 400 kHz coil and make a connection to the bottom of the 200 kHz coil, now placed some distance away. Leave the tank circuit alone. When we fire the system, the secondary (or "driver" coil) is still excited by, and resonating at, 200 kHz. The frequency of the system has not changed. What has changed is the output of the driver coil: It is no longer a 1/4 wave peak at 200 kHz, nor is it a 1/4 wave peak at 400 kHz (the natural 1/4 wave resonate freq. of this coil) it is 1/8 wave CURRENT at 200 kHz which contains significant voltage. The frequency of the system has not changed, nor has the natural frequency of any coil in the system. What we have done is forced a shift in a 400 kHz 1/4 wave output coil to a lower harmonic. In this case the coil is quite able to resonate for 1/8th wave current output at 200 kHz. The natural frequency of the coil does not change, nor does the tuned fre- quency of the system change. The 200 kHz 1/4 wave coil at the end of the system recieves high current 1/8th wave signal at 200 kHz. Now we have set up a system that opens up many opportunities for specialization and improvement. First thing that will be noticed is that the transmission line is highly energized but runs at a fairly low voltage by Tesla standards. We have removed the high voltage 1/4 wave peak from the secondary in the system, and the 1/4 wave peak is now located on the discharge terminal of the end resonator (the 200 kHz 1/4 wave "extra" coil). Simply removing the 1/4 wave peak from the top of the secondary has really reduced the stress on the system and allows for substantial increases in throughput. One of the most important factors here is that the 1/4 wave resonator (the extra coil) is allowed unrestricted VSWR. In a normal 1/4 wave system, with the 1/4 wave peak located on top of the secondary, the VSWR in the 1/4 wave coil is restricted by the field flux interaction between the primary and secondary. This field flux damps some of the VSWR resonance. Now the resonator is able to "ring" freely, without magnetic interferance. The secondary in the system (driver coil) is still damped by field flux, but we are no longer looking to this coil to perform substantial VSWR voltage gains. What we want from this coil is heavy 1/8th wave current. We are more than happy to get a simple ratio of turns transformation from this coil, but as it turns out we do get a significant VSWR voltage rise even on a coil forced into 1/8th wave resonance. However since we want current and not high voltage, we can couple this coil much much tighter to the primary. Increases in coupling coefficients by a factor of four may not be out of line in primary/secondary drivers fired under oil. Even in air, coupling coefficients may be doubled or even tripled. We may also use much heavier wire for higher Qs. As coupling coefficients (magnetic interaction between coils) are increased, energy transfer is increased. All of the sudden you can squeeze in nearly twice as much power, without drawing a single additional watt. In a normal 1/4 wave system, increasing the coupling would force a destructive breakdown of the 1/4 wave secondary, as all energy must be processed by the single resonator. But, with an extra coil, and an 1/8th wave driver, stress in the system is greatly reduced. The driver hands off current to the extra coil as fast as energy is pumped in from the primary, there is no high voltage 1/4 wave "pressure point" on top of the driver coil to stress the windings, and the VSWR is divided between two coils, not burdened on a single secondary. Another gain is realized by the fact that the output of the 1/8 wave resonating driver contains 20% greater energies than a 1/4 wave output. Why? Well the total energy in a wave form at any given point is a product of current and voltage. The 1/4 wave output has voltage, but theoretically has 0 current, as it is a peak on the wave form. The 1/8 wave harmonic however has voltage and current both, and both are porportionally at their highest value. In other words the 1/8 wave point is the location of the greatest energy available anywhere on the wave form. Here you find the highest value of voltage * current. It works out to 70% of the wave energy as opposed to 50% available at the 1/4 wave peak. So lets look again at what we have gained. Greater coupling between the primary and secondary for more efficent throughput. Higher VSWR in the 1/4 wave resonator (extra coil) by removing this coil from the damping effects of the magnetic field flux. Higher energy transfer between the driver and extra coil by using 1/8th wave current in the transmission line. These gains are easily realized before specific modifications are made to the tank circuit and coils to take advantage of the setup. Improve- ments can include higher break rates for more frequent excit- ation; heavier wire, higher Q coils; higher input voltages; and balanced capacitor tank circuits. ... And if all else fails... Put another megavolt through it ___ Blue Wave/QWK v2.12 --- WM v3.10/93-0100 * Origin: St. Louis Users Group BBS (314) 878-7614 (1:100/4.0) (1:100/4)
BBS: _The_Attic_ [301-428-1970] 14.4K v.32b - Date: 12-07-93 (21:50) Number: 220 From: TERRY SMITH Refer#: 214 To: RICHARD QUICK Recvd: NO Subj: 10KVA Tesla Coil Conf: (9) Electronic RQ> the drugstore. The only thing required was 56 hours of time in RQ> arranging the plates according to Bill. But he did end up with RQ> .03 uf 15 kv pulse capacitor in a five gallon bucket. It was RQ> quite a performer on his coil at 3600 watts! RQ> The novice coiler should think about the capacitor requirements RQ> and experiment some before beginning large scale homemade caps. Why not use a G3 mica or, for more current, a vacuum cap? With the time value and instability of what you're describing, it sounds like a couple hundred $$$ for a readily available commercial cap would be a good comparative value. What is the design ESR goal? Terry --- Maximus 2.01wb * Origin: Methylene Chloride: Melts your CPU, & your hand! (1:141/1275)
Area: Electronics Msg: #225 Date: 12-09-93 11:03 (Public) From: Richard Quick To: All Subject: 10KVA Tesla Coil I have spent a few hours and archived all of the posts from this thread. I have had several people ask repeat questions, and others inform me that feed problems have caused them to miss some material. If you are interested in getting a complete and up to date archive of all of this material, please mail me a floppy and a SASE. I will be happy to send you my archives free of charge. Richard T. Quick II 10028 Manchester Rd. Suite 253 Glendale, MO 63122 USA ... And if all else fails... Put another megavolt through it ___ Blue Wave/QWK v2.12 --- WM v3.10/93-0100 * Origin: St. Louis Users Group BBS (314) 878-7614 (1:100/4.0) (1:100/4)
Area: Electronics Msg: #228 Date: 12-10-93 17:25 (Public) From: Richard Quick To: Brian Carling Subject: 10KVA Tesla Coil Brian; Dave is correct about the learning curve in these systems. You need to learn to power, filter, ground, tune, quench, and couple coils before you can appreciate the complexities and respons- ibilities of a "monster" system. Many would shrug this off, but trust me, a big coil is quite dangerious. I would recommend starting with a 6" diam. secondary coil running around 1500 watts input power from a bank of parallel wired neon sign transformers. A system this size would be large enough to perform a multitude of experiments, powerful enough to throw 4 foot sparks with ease (and larger sparks with additional neons banked in) and upgradable to an 8" diam. secondary if the tank circuit is built with a little forethought. The cost for a system like this will typically run around $150.00 from start to finish if you follow some of my tips. Generally it will take a month or two to design, accumulate components and materials, and construct. I have posted a tremendious amount of information regarding coils in this thread in the last few months. Most of this information, and nearly all of the details on system design and construction are available from my archives. The archives cover: neon transformer cores and building up Tesla power supplies from them, secondary coil design, primary coil design, capacitor design (including complete instructions for the .02 uf, 10 kvac pulse discharge rolled capacitor), toroid discharge terminals, grounds, control circuits, filters, quenching, Q factors, spark gaps, etc.. Send me a disk and a SASE, and I will send you back everything I have. I also have some GIF files I made showing detailed diagrams for two of the best spark gaps I have used for neon powered coils in the 1.5 kVA power range, as well as some related text files that have not been seen in this conference. I will be more than happy to copy everything onto the disk. I warn you, these files add up to over 150 pages of detailed information. There is a lot to learn. But I will also tell you that if you can't build a really hot coil from the information I have, you never will. This information is free to any who write me, just send a disk and a SASE or mailer. Again, if you are interested in seeing some of my equipment in action, send for the video tape. The tape is $10.00, and you must send a high quality VHS blank video tape and a first class postage pre-paid, return addressed, mailer. The tape will be return mailed the next day in most cases. The video tape shows a lot of high voltage stuff, and I must state that I cannot be responsible for the safety of anyone who attempts to duplicate the experiments or equipment shown. My address is always: Richard T. Quick II 10028 Manchester Rd. Suite 253 Glendale, MO 63122 USA ... And if all else fails... Put another megavolt through it ___ Blue Wave/QWK v2.12 --- WM v3.10/93-0100 * Origin: St. Louis Users Group BBS (314) 878-7614 (1:100/4.0) (1:100/4) Area: Electronics Msg: #227 Date: 12-10-93 16:15 (Public) From: Richard Quick To: Terry Smith Subject: 10KVA Tesla Coil -=> SEZ Terry Smith to Richard Quick <=- RQ> the drugstore. The only thing required was 56 hours of time RQ> in arranging the plates according to Bill. But he did end up RQ> with .03 uf 15 kv pulse capacitor in a five gallon bucket. RQ> It was quite a performer on his coil at 3600 watts! RQ> The novice coiler should think about the capacitor RQ> requirements and experiment some before beginning large RQ> scale homemade caps. TS> Why not use a G3 mica or, for more current, a vacuum cap? Mica is not as good for homemade caps as poly, they are lossy, and they get hot. Poly has a lower RF dissapation factor, is cheaper, and easier to obtain. Commerical mica caps that are found surplus may be used, but they are not as high Q as poly. Not many amateurs are running the vacuum systems or have the equipment and design skills to produce homemade vacuum caps. I have priced commercial units surplus, and would not find much use for a vacuum cap unless it was perhaps employed as a tuning cap on a small magnifier. TS> With the time value and instability of what you're TS> describing, it sounds like a couple hundred $$$ for a TS> readily available commercial cap would be a good comparative TS> value. Not for a simple hobbiest. Most coilers are looking for cost effective and flexible designs. They would rather put in the time stacking or rolling to build a cap cheaply, than send a check to the cap company for a custom commercial unit. After you have a few coils under your belt, and you can design systems that you know are going to require such and such values, you then start to look to a commercial unit to reduce size, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. This is more often true than not in large systems that grow from the work done with homemade or salvaged caps. 60% of the capacitance in my lab is homemade. Now if I added the total value of this capacitance against the cost of a single commercial unit, a commercial unit would be more cost effective, and this does not even include the time invested. But my homemade caps consist of 14 individual units. The number of units gives me voltage and value flexibility not available in one or two commercial units. To reproduce my homemade array in 14 commercial units would not be cost effective. Since I started small, I went homemade. As my work grew, so did my homemade capacitors. I already had most of the materials, had aquired the design and construction skills, and could increase my power levels with a couple days work building a few more caps. When I decided to go to the pole pig, I shopped for commercial caps to drive the system. I knew exactly the voltage rating that would be required, and the value I was going to need. Not paper values mind you: I had set the system up with homemade caps and juggled the system around to find the tune spots I wanted to hit. The bill on my two .05 uf 45kvac pulse caps came to $600.00, and I had to wait nearly two months for deliverly once I knew exactly what I needed. The bottom line on homemade caps is that they are cheap, built out of readily available materials, and offer high Qs. The instabilities are 90% resultant of poor techniques in construction or operation, such as dirty plates and dielectrics, trapped air, improper break-in of a newly constructed unit, or running with the gaps set to wide. Every failure I have experienced resulted from one of the above. Since the unit was homemade, I was able to repair the cap and return it to service. Built with cleanliness and durability in mind, homemade caps will work quite hard for a long time. It has been nearly a year since I have had any problems with a homemade unit. The designs I have mentioned work, give great spark, and are not too expensive to make for the beginner. If you want to pay $$$ for commercial units to experiment with, please feel free, the commerical units are quite good. Down the road a bit I will post the addresses of a couple of commerical manufacturers I have dealt with. Both of these companies have a $150.00 minimum order with a 6-8 week delivery wait. ... And if all else fails... Put another megavolt through it ___ Blue Wave/QWK v2.12 --- WM v3.10/93-0100 * Origin: St. Louis Users Group BBS (314) 878-7614 (1:100/4.0) (1:100/4) Area: Electronics Msg: #229 Date: 12-11-93 01:16 (Public) From: Richard Quick To: Terry Smith Subject: 10KVA Tesla Coil BTW, I have several commercial micas that I have experimented with. The discharge from a coil using commercial micas tends toward a spindly, violet discharge with very little current behind it. The run times with these micas is very short, and I have damaged a commercial mica cap from overheating with very short runs times at fairly low voltage. The problem with commercial micas is really a combination of high RF dissipation factors, and the inability of most commercial micas to effectively pulse discharge. The homemade polyethylene caps give much superior performance. They don't get hot. In fact I have never even gotten a homemade cap warm. The reason for this is that poly has a very low RF dissipation factor, and when mineral oil is used as a coolant/ corona supressant there is very low loss, very little dielectric heating, and what heat does form is sunk to the oil. The spark from a coil run with poly caps is blue-white, thick, and violent with a hefty current peak behind it. Nearly all of the modern commercial caps designed for RF pulse discharging are plastic film types covered in oil. The difference between the two capacitor types is vast. Plastic film caps are much better performers in the Tesla tank circuit. ___ Blue Wave/QWK v2.12 --- WM v3.10/93-0100 * Origin: St. Louis Users Group BBS (314) 878-7614 (1:100/4.0) (1:100/4)
Area: Electronics
Msg: #237
Date: 12-10-93 23:51 (Public)
From: Dave Lyle
To: Richard Quick
Subject: 10Kva Tesla Coil
RQ>I have a normal Tesla secondary that resonates at about 200 kHz
RQ>with a discharge ternminal. When this coil is placed in a primary
RQ>and critically coupled, it will fire when the tank circuit is
RQ>tuned to 200 kHz. No problems here, this is a normal 1/4 wave
RQ>system. The tank circuit oscillates at 200 kHz, the secondary
RQ>coil with discharger resonates at 200 kHz, and the output from
RQ>the system is the 1/4 wave peak of a 200 kHz signal.
RQ>Now we remove the secondary from the primary and replace the
RQ>secondary with a coil that is 1/4 wave resonate at 400 kHz.
Hi Richard,
I was actually wondering what would be the effect of going the
opposite way.
What if you removed the _primary_ and replaced it with one that
resonated at 600 Khz. Now the secondary would be resonate
at 3/4 wave, and the voltage/current distribution would be:
At the base.........................Current peak, Voltage null
At the 1/4 wave point
(1/3 of the way up the coil).....Voltage peak, Current null
At the 1/2 wave point
(2/3 of the way up the coil).....Current peak, Voltage null
At the 3/4 wave point
(Top of coil)...................Voltage peak, Current null
I suppose you would have trouble preventing a breakdown at the
1/4 wave (1/3 of coil) point, but would there be any advantages
to the higher frequency operation?
---
* Origin: The County Line BBS Node1 414-476-8468 (1:154/100)
BBS: _The_Attic_ [301-428-1970] 14.4K v.32b - Date: 12-14-93 (14:30) Number: 163 From: DAVE HALLIDAY Refer#: 162 To: BRIAN CARLING Recvd: NO Subj: 10KVA Tesla Coil Conf: (9) Electronic BC>thanks for the info. I am going to see what I can find at the >local library also. Although I have not really researched Tesla's life all that much, from what I gather, he kept critical stuff from his patent applications because he had been screwed by Marconi and others. You need to read between the lines. BC>DH>You could scale down the design but I feel that the amount of time and >DH>money involved would be about the same regardless of what size coil you >DH>are building so why not go for a bigger one. BC>No, I want to build the BIG one! How big? BC>DH>The one I am building is 6" diameter, 30" tall and is powered by a bank >DH>of four neon sign transformers. BC>That doesn't sound too huge to construct... It struck me as a nice size - large enough to produce nice 5' arcs but small enough as not to overwhelm my workshop or my budget. BC>Do you connect the neon sign transformers in series or what? A combination - the transformers are 12kV at 30mA so I will get 24kV at 60mA by using four of them. BC>DH>Down the road, I would like to experiment with a "pocket" coil or a >DH>tabletop model but you do need a very very good ground regardless of the >DH>size so this isn't something that you could take somewhere and casually >DH>set it up and expect to get good results. BC>Why can't the one you describe be a "table-top" model? >6" around by 30" tall would fit on most tables! Yeah but I was thinking about one that was maybe 3" dia and 12" tall. That would be impressive if it threw out foot-long arcs and from what all of the other designs of this type do, the arcs are several times longer than the length of the primary. Imagine something sitting on the table, a foot tall and two feet or so in diameter ( the flat primary coil ) throwing off two foot long arcs! BC>DH>Anyway, keep tuned to this conference and I will be letting people know >DH>how things are progressing! BC>I'll watch eagerly! Hey - start planing something! Get some neon transformers, some stuff to make the capacitors and a bunch of magnet wire and start building! TTYL - Dave þ QMPro 1.51 þ - FOR SYSOP USE ONLY - Do not write below this line... --- WM v3.10/93-0100 * Origin: St. Louis Users Group BBS (314) 878-7614 (1:100/4.0) (1:100/4)PAGE TWO - More Tesla Notes!
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Tesla Coil Ring
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