Making buckyballs is very simple in concept and if you have all the resources then you probably aren't to bad off. However if, like me, you have very limited resources well then good luck. As of now I have not actually made visible quantities of buckyballs but I plan to within the next two months. There are several ways or theories to making buckyballs. There are also different ways to isolate the buckyballs once you have collected the soot that also contains the buckyballs. Making buckyballs: Method 1: Carbon Arc Method 2: Solar Production of Fullerenes Method 3: Pyrolytic Production of Fullerenes Isolating buckyballs Method 1: Using a Column Method 2: Using a Soxhlet Extractor Method 1: Carbon Arc Buckministerfullerenes are made when a high current low voltage shock occurs. The best method for making these molecules is in the absence of oxygen. A inert gas such as helium is often used. To create this helium atmosphere a bell-jar apparatus may be used. The bell-jar should be filled with 100 Torr of helium. Inside the bell-jar two carbon rods should be placed slightly apart from each other. With these two carbon rods one can create a carbon arc between the two rods using the energy apparatus. This energy apparatus needs to provide some where between 100 and 200 amps, closer to the 200, of current at around 220 voltage, a portable arc welder can fill these requirements. This arc should be left on for approximately 10-15 seconds. Repeat this process until all of the rod is burned. You may need to adjust the rods to be closer together after each burning to maintain a stable arc. After this a 5-10 minuet cool down period is recommended. This should have produced a good amount of soot on the inside of the bell-jar. This soot contains not only Buckministerfullerenes but other fullerenes and carbon molecules as well. Using a fine hair brush you should remove the soot into a test tube. Roughly 10% of this soot is carbon 60. One can test for the presence of C60 using IR analysis, but I'm not going into that. The next step is to purify the carbon 60 and extract the molecules from the soot. Here is the experiment above done by two college students. Method 2: Solar Production of Fullerenes This is a potentially interesting application of ultrahigh solar flux. If Carbon-60 and other types of buckyballs can be produced efficiently using sunlight, the potential cost of making these exotic materials may be greatly reduced. This experiment is ongoing and is taking place at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) High-Flux Solar Furnace (HFSF)--or NRELHFSF for short. Results are very preliminary and have shown that we can vaporize graphite at atmospheric pressure using a unique concentrator. The best production requires a partial vacuum around 100 Torr and we are setting up this system currently. When some results come in, pictures and more information will be added here. The secondary concentrator we have designed places a flux of 25,000 suns onto the top of a cylindrical target. This system should allow mass production in that the cylinder can be pushed through the high flux region causing a continuous vaporization of graphite. Although, the process of making Carbon-60 is not understood fully, it is known that carbon vapor reacts to form soccer ball structure with up to 15 % efficiency with optimal external conditions. These relate to buffer gas type and pressure. Our experiment uses a gas flow to sweep away the soot produced and keeps our optics clean. This additional parameter may help us better understand the production process. Method 3: Pyrolytic Production of Fullerenes Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have long been suspected to be precursors of fullerenes [3]. Anumber of groups have detected fullerene related polycyclics in the arc generator where the inertcarrier gas has been poisoned or doped with a hydrogen or chlorine containing species [4]. The work carried out at Sussex has been concentrated on two major research fronts: (a) The production of C60 and higher fullerenes by the pyrolysis of relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (b) Elucidation of the mechanism by which fullerenes are formed in these processes, using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. To date, both C60 and C70 have been generated sucessfully by the pyrolysis of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (and some halogenated derivatives). The most widely studied molecule of the three has been naphthalene. This was successfully shown to be a fullerene precursor by Taylor [5] in 1993. We have now shown that corannulene and benzo[k]fluoranthene are also fullerene precursors [6] A number of variables have been considered in this work and in particular the effect of transition metal catalysis on the process of fullerene formation has been tested. References [1] H.W. Kroto et al. Nature (London), 1985, 318, 162. [2] W. Kratschmer et al. Nature (London), 1990, 347, 254. [3] H. Schwarz, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1993, 32, 1412. [4] T.M. Chang et al. J.Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7603. [5] R. Taylor et al. Nature (London), 1993, 366, 728. [6] R. Taylor et al. submitted for publication. Method 1: Isolating buckyballs. The first step, in extracting the fullerenes, is placing the soot into a small flask containing 20-30 ml of toluene and stopper the flask. Shake gently. Next filter the solution. The color will probably change with both steps. This separates the carbon 60 and the like from the soot. The color change in the solution is due to a mixture of C60, C70 and larger fullerene molecules. Now to purify the mixture of the fullerenes into separate fractions we use chromatography, which is the basis of the next experiments. To do the chromatography properly a lot of soot need be extracted. A column must be filled with soot. Then add some toluene and allow the solvent to drip out of the bottom of the column into a 100 ml flask. Continue this until the level of the solvent falls to the height of the carbon granules. Using a 100 ml flask, add 30 - 40 mg of soot extracted fullerene mixture to about 50 ml of toluene. Stopper the flask and shake gently for about 20 seconds. You should get a deep red solution. Pour the solution into the dropper flask. Connect the dropper flask to the top of the column. Open all the taps and collect the drops in a clean flask. Then collect the drops from the column. Every couple of minutes pour the collected solvent into a waist bottle. When the color of the solvent starts to change, collect all the solvent in the same flask. Eventually the level of the red fullerene mixture will fall below the carbon granules. Turn all the taps off. Refill the dropper funnel with fresh toluene. Then open all the taps back up and continue collecting the fractions. Then you must wait 20 to 30 minutes, the red color of pure C60 will appear and should continue for a further 20 minutes or so. When the color disappears from the solvent allow the remaining toluene to fall to the carbon granule line. Then add dichlorobenzene to the dropper flask. Continue collecting fractions using another flask. After a while the red C70 fraction will appear. You have now successfully separated C60 and C70 from the fullerene mixture Method 2: Isolating buckyballs. This method is similar to Method 1 just using a Soxhlet Extractor. The first step is to find a Soxhlet Extractor. The procedure is straightforward once you have one. In the top segment of glass there are two outlets. The top one is an output for cold water, the bottom one is an input for cold water. The thimble is placed inside the middle glass segment and filled with your soot sample. The bottom segment is a round bottomed glass (to insure even heating) filled with a solvent. Benzene is a good solvent. It dissolves the fullerenes (of any size) but not the soot. Unfortunately, however, it is also carcinogenic. Toluene (MSDS 2301) is a substitute of slightly lesser evil. It's not quite as carcinogenic and is an equally good solvent. Because of its toxicity, the whole procedure should be done in a fume hood with proper lung and skin protection. Underneath the whole setup, you need a heat source, preferably a heating mantle. The heat will evaporate the toluene, which will drift up the column. When it reaches the top segment, it will be condensed by the cold water and will run back down the glass until it reaches the thimble. The toluene will dissolve the fullerenes and then fall back down into the round bottom flask as a relatively concentrated toluene/fullerene solution. After the extraction process is through you should have a colored solution in your flask. The color of the solution will depend on the concentration of fullerenes and on what type of fullerenes you have made. A sample of concentrated buckyballs will be a dark red and C-70 will be magenta. So the color of a fullerene/toluene solution can be anywhere from pink to dark red to yellow. I know these procedures are a bit on the vague side however there is a very limited amount of information on the specifics of making buckyballs. After asking some companies and universities for procedures and details I received only one response, which told me, most people would not release any information to me for one main reason. The person who discovers how to mass-produce large amounts of fullerenes will have a lot of money coming to them.